Mock Data (MDS)

MDC 2024: Mock Data samples

Introduction

Mock data samples can be helpful in two ways:

• to help prepare physics analysis efforts;
• to help us understand the size of our data .art files and ntuples.

Streams

The two purposes above (physics studies, trigger studies) will result in different samples, with differing complexity.

Physics stream

Includes all major components and pile-up. The DIOtail momentum cut can be higher (nominally p>95 MeV/c will be used as a starting point). Three samples will be made: signal at just below current limit (1e-13), closed sample (random signal choice), no signal.

Trigger stream

Here all backgrounds and pile-up will be included but no signal. The DIOtail cut is reduced below the trigger threshold to p > 75 MeV/c.

Inputs

There are several assumptions made when we choose a livetime:

Booster Batch Mode

The Booster Batch (BB) mode describes the incoming operational mode of the booster which feeds the beam through our delivery ring which in turn passes protons to Mu2e.

There are two "run modes" in Mu2e: 1BB and 2BB, in the low-intensity running mode the mean intensity is 1.6E7 protons/pulse and in the higher-intensity mode this becomes 3.9E7 protons/pulse.

Batch	Time (s)	T Cycle (s)	T Spill (s)	Spills	frac	On Spill Time	N-cycles	POT per cycle
1	9.52E+06	1.33	1.07E-01	4	0.323	3.07E+06	7.16E+06	4.00E+12
2	1.58E+06	1.4	4.31E-02	8	0.246	3.89E+05	1.13E+06	8.00E+12

Expected DIOs

The expected number of muon stops per POT is 1.56E-3 muons/POT (from MDC2020p). The decay : capture ratio for Al is 0.39:0.61.

In our simulation, we tend to focus on simulating the higher momentum tail with cuts of p > 75MeV/c sampling a fraction of 4.19E-07 of the entire DIO spectrum. and p > 95 MeV/c sampling a fraction of 3.64E-11 of the entire DIO spectrum.

livetime	BB	POT	Stopped Muons	DIOs	DIOs (p>75MeV/c)	DIOs (p>95MeV/c)
1 hour	1BB	3.50E+15	5.45E+12	2.12E+12	77	8.90E+05

Expected CEs

As part of this study, we begin with a conversion rate just below the current upper limit (7e-13) that is 1e-13.

livetime	BB	POT	Stopped Muons	Surviving Muons	CE rate	NCEs
1 week	1BB	5.88E+17	9.16E+14	5.59E+14	1E-13	55
1 month	1BB	2.35E+18	3.66E+15	2.23E+15	1E-13	222
1 year	1BB	3.00E+19	4.67E+16	2.85E+16	1E-13	2.85E+03

It should be noted that this is a favorable choice of signal rate, we will also simulate lower rates, and a no signal scenario.

Combining primaries

To create Mock Data the process is as follows:

• Each primary (DIOtail, CE, Cosmics etc.) is simulated separately, the number of events simulated must be equal to ( or greater than ) the livetime of the Mock Data sample (we do not resample);
• The run_si.py script is run with several input arguments:

 stdpath = the path to output and where filelists for each input is located
 BB = 1, 2 or averaged booster batch mode
 livetime = livetime in seconds
 prc = the list of processes to be included
 rmue = signal branching rate

• run_si finds the expected number of events for each input process given the chosen BB mode, livetime and Rmue values.
• run_si effectively constructs .fcl files which utilize the SamplingInput module from art. This allows sampling from a single file per process and an overall weight which is determined by the previously listed parameters.
• the "events-per-sub run" factor in run_si can be used to split the number of events sampled into a given amount for .fcl files, thus allowing parallelization.
• TODO: need to write about how this would be ran on the grid
• each fcl file generated a combined primary sample which contains a mixture of primaries, weighted according to the chosen livetime, rmue, BB etc.
• this combined primary can be mixed with pile-up and reconstructed as any other primary using standard Production workflows.

Components

DIO tail

The DIO tails is simulated from stopped muons using the SingleProcessGenerator defined in the Offline EventGenerator directory. The DIOGenerator tool is used to provide the correct momentum distribution based on the 5-8 polynomial derived by Czarnecki et al.

A filter called GenFilter is used to remove events unlikely to produce viable events in the reconstruction. The effect of the filter is to improve the time performance by 40%, there is no loss of efficiency.

Two DIO tail samples are included as primaries in two sets of samples for MDC2024: one has a cut at p > 95 MeV/c (a fraction of 3.64e-11 of the entire DIO momentum spectrum) and another has a lower cut, below the trigger threshold, of p > 75 MeV/c (a fraction of 4.19e-7 of the entire DIO spectrum).

In previous simulation studies, DIOs of all momenta are included in the pile-up stream and not as primaries, including them as primaries has the advantage of giving us a large sample of events and therefore increased realism.

Conversion and Conversion Leading Log

CeEndpoints are a standard part of production. The Leading Log camapign includes the leading log corrections calculated by Szfaron. This results in about 10% of electrons being in a lower momentum tail (as opposed to all being at 104.97 MeV/c in the case of the CeEndpoint).

Cosmics

As part of SU2020 a campaign that used the CORSIKA generator was built and exercised, providing 1.1e7s of cosmic events to be sampled from. Similarily a campaign of a similar size using the CRY generator is also available.

The CRY sample is used for pass 0, but the CORSIKA one is used for the later camapigns.

Pile-up

For pass 0 the existing pile-up streams were used. These were mixed with the combined primary sample as if it were any other primary sample.

This will provide some inaccuracies, as we are mixing in two DIO samples (one as a primary for p > 95 MeV/c and one which is part of the MuStopPileup sample and covers all momentum ranges up to the endpoint). This could introduce some double counting but it is unlikely to overly effect the outcomes of any physics analysis applied to these samples.

For future passes, custom pile-up samples will be combined as primaries in the same way we have done the DIO tails.

RPC

RPC is simulated using the RPCGun generator. Both internal and external RPC can be simulated using the same generator.

At timing filter on arrival proper time of the stopped pions is used to improve performance of the simulation. This must be factored in when normalizing the samples.

DIO 75MeV/c short tests

A set of 1minute samples with a p>75MeV/c cut on the DIO tail were generated to get a feel for the size and time taken to generate this sample.

Tag	Processes	BB	livetime	Rmue	conditions	Comments
testa	CE+DIO(75MeV/c)	1BB	1 min	1e-13	perfect	dts,dig,mcs
testb	CE+DIO(75MeV/c)+CRY	1BB	1 min	1e-13	perfect	dts,dig,mcs
testc	CE+DIO(75MeV/c)	2BB	1 min	1e-13	perfect	dts,dig,mcs
testd	CE+DIO(75MeV/c)+CRY	2BB	1 min	1e-13	perfect	dts,dig,mcs
teste	CE+DIO(75MeV/c)+CRY	1BB	1 hour	1e-13	perfect	dts only
testf	CE+DIO(75MeV/c)+CRY+PU	1BB	1 min	1e-13	perfect	dts only

Mock-Dataset-0 (MDS0) (95 MeV/c)

The MDS0 samples all include DIO tail events with the 95 MeV/c cut. Two sample sizes are chosen: 1 week livetime and 1 month livetime.

All components except the RPC are included. Two Rmue values are used, one at 1e-13 which is just below the present upper limit (7e-13) and allows around 55 generated CE events for the 1 week sample and 222 generated CE for the 1 month livetime (before any selection or reconstruction efficiency is factored in).

The samples available are listed below:

Tag	Processes	BB	livetime	Rmue	conditions	sam name	Comments
MDS0a	CE+DIO(95MeV/c)	Mixed	1 month	1e-13	best,perfect		simple test
MDS0b	CE+DIO(95MeV/c)+CRY	1BB	1 week	1e-13	best,perfect		simple test including cosmics
MDS0c	CE+DIO(95MeV/c)+CRY	1BB	1 month	1e-13	best,perfect		simple test including more cosmics
MDS0d	CE+DIO(95MeV/c)+CRY+PU	1BB	1 week	1e-13	perfect		simple test including old pile-up streams
MDS0e	CE+DIO(95MeV/c)+CRY	1BB	1 year	1e-13	perfect		largest simple sample

The dts, digi, mcs and TrkAna ntuples are available in the usual locations. In most cases the digi and reco stages were ran with perfect and best condtions.

The component samples which went into these streams are listed here:

process	tag	Comments
CeEndpoint	MDC2020ac	100K CEs simulated
DIOtail (95MeV/c)	MDC2020ad	1 month DIO equiv.
DIOtail (75MeV/c)	MDC2020ad_sm0	1 week DIO equiv.
CRY Comsic	MDC2020s	1 year sample, signal stream
pile-up/stops	MDC2020p	most recently made mu beam sample

Mock Dataset 1 (MDS1)

Several updates are made for MDS 1:

• CeEndpoint now CELL
• DIO tail momentum cut moved to 75 MeV/c
• RPC component included
• CORSIKA generator used for cosmics
• PU streams upgraded (might move to pass2)